The study of materials with both solid and fluid characteristics. The study of the physics of continuous materials with a defined rest shape.Дescribes materials that return to their rest shape after applied stresses are removed.Дescribes materials that permanently deform after a sufficient applied stress. The study of the physics of continuous materials Relationship to continuum mechanics ДЇluid mechanics is a subdiscipline of continuum mechanics, as illustrated in the following table.

Some fluid-dynamical principles are used in traffic engineering and crowd dynamics. Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and movements on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting evolving weather patterns, understanding nebulae in interstellar space and modeling explosions. It has several subdisciplines itself, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion).

The solution to a fluid dynamics problem typically involves calculating various properties of the fluid, such as velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, as functions of space and time. Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structure-which underlies these practical disciplines-that embraces empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve practical problems. Main branches Fluid statics ДЇluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow-the science of liquids and gases in motion. Further mathematical justification was provided by Claude-Louis Navier and George Gabriel Stokes in the NavierвЂ“Stokes equations, and boundary layers were investigated ( Ludwig Prandtl, Theodore von KГЎrmГЎn), while various scientists such as Osborne Reynolds, Andrey Kolmogorov, and Geoffrey Ingram Taylor advanced the understanding of fluid viscosity and turbulence. Inviscid flow was further analyzed by various mathematicians ( Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Joseph Louis Lagrange, Pierre-Simon Laplace, SimГ©on Denis Poisson) and viscous flow was explored by a multitude of engineers including Jean LГ©onard Marie Poiseuille and Gotthilf Hagen. Rapid advancement in fluid mechanics began with Leonardo da Vinci (observations and experiments), Evangelista Torricelli (invented the barometer), Isaac Newton (investigated viscosity) and Blaise Pascal (researched hydrostatics, formulated Pascal's law), and was continued by Daniel Bernoulli with the introduction of mathematical fluid dynamics in Hydrodynamica (1739). The study of fluid mechanics goes back at least to the days of ancient Greece, when Archimedes investigated fluid statics and buoyancy and formulated his famous law known now as the Archimedes' principle, which was published in his work On Floating Bodies-generally considered to be the first major work on fluid mechanics. Particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing and analyzing fluid flow, also takes advantage of the highly visual nature of fluid flow. A modern discipline, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach. Many problems are partly or wholly unsolved and are best addressed by numerical methods, typically using computers.

Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research, typically mathematically complex.

It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from microscopic. It can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, civil, chemical and biomedical engineering, geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology. Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids ( liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them.

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